Islam and Dakwah: 01 Filsafat dan Teori

Rasionalisme Descartes

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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sumber Gambar: <a class="_ZR irc_hol i3724" data-href="http://www.famousscientists.org/rene-descartes/" data-noload="" data-ved="0ahUKEwjcjZmogP7LAhVmr4MKHZFMAR4QjB0IBg" href="https://www.google.co.id/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjcjZmogP7LAhVmr4MKHZFMAR4QjB0IBg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famousscientists.org%2Frene-descartes%2F&bvm=bv.118817766,bs.1,d.c2E&psig=AFQjCNG0Oi6ymWjDqXRPIV_zE4RzoqUCsA&ust=1460169115061378" jsaction="mousedown:irc.rl;keydown:irc.rlk" style="background-color: #f1f1f1; color: #d6d6d6; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; text-align: start;" tabindex="0" target="_blank"><span class="irc_ho" dir="ltr" style="margin-right: -2px; overflow: hidden; padding-right: 2px; text-overflow: ellipsis; unicode-bidi: isolate;">www.famousscientists.org</span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Aliran rasionalisme ini berpandangan bahwa
pengetahuan bersumber pada rasio atau akal, ketika memutuskan, menyelesaikan
suatu masalah. Aliran ini berpendapat di dalam rasio terdapat ide-ide dan
dengan itu manusia dapat membangun suatu ilmu pengetahuan tanpa menghiraukan
realitas di luar rasio. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">           Akal memperoleh bahan lewat indra,
kemudian diolah oleh akal  menjadi
pengetahuan. Rasionalisme mendasarkan metode deduksi, yaitu cara memperoleh
kepastian melalui langkah-langkah metodis yang bertitik tolak dari hal-hal  yang bersifat umum untuk mendapat kesimpulan
yang bersifat khusus. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Salah
seorang tokoh rasianalis berpengaruh bernama Rene Descartes,  membedakan tiga ide yang ada dalam diri
manusia, yaitu: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">                        (a)
ide-ide yang dibawa manusia sejak lahir. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">                         (b) ide-ide yang berasal dari luar diri
manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">                        (c) ide-ide yang dihasilkan oleh pikiran itu sendiri.  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Motto
Descartes, adalah <i>cogito ergo sum,</i>
artinya  saya berpikir, maka saya ada,
dan <i>de omnibus dubitandum,</i> artinya ragukan
segala  sesuatu itu. Tokoh-tokoh rasional
abad modern antara lain : Rene Descartes, Nicholas Malerbrance, Spinoza,
Gottfried, Wilhelm Leibnis, Christian Wolf, dan Blaise Pascal.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>Aliran Kritisisme</b></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Sumber Gambar: <a class="_ZR irc_hol i3724" data-href="http://www.philosophers.co.uk/immanuel-kant.html" data-noload="" data-ved="0ahUKEwj46bzIg_7LAhVJGI4KHXFvBnAQjB0IBg" href="https://www.google.co.id/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj46bzIg_7LAhVJGI4KHXFvBnAQjB0IBg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philosophers.co.uk%2Fimmanuel-kant.html&bvm=bv.118817766,d.c2E&psig=AFQjCNGZm_A9XiqIEdyvKl2TNwh4spiKxA&ust=1460170067434139" jsaction="mousedown:irc.rl;keydown:irc.rlk" style="background-color: #f1f1f1; color: #7d7d7d; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: none;" tabindex="0" target="_blank"><span class="irc_ho" dir="ltr" style="margin-right: -2px; overflow: hidden; padding-right: 2px; text-overflow: ellipsis; unicode-bidi: isolate;">www.philosophers.co.uk</span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aliran yang memadukan antara Rasionalisme dan Empirisme. Menurut aliran ini, baik rasionalisme atau empirisme tidak seimbang. Pengalaman manusia merupakan paduan antara sintesa unsur-unsur <i>aspriori </i>(terlepas dari pengalaman) dengan unsur-unsur <i>apos teriori</i> (berasal dari pengalaman). Tokoh kritisisme adalah Imanuel Kant<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aliran Kritisis memiliki ciri-ciri yang dapat disimpulkan dalam tiga hal: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">            (a)  menganggap objek pengenalan itu berpusat pada subjek dan bukan pada objek.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">            (b)  menegaskan keterbatasan kemampuan akal manusia untuk mengetahui    <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">                  realitas dan</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> hakikat sesuatu, akal  hanya mampu menjangkau gejala dan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">                  fenomenanya saja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">            (c)  pengenalan manusia terhadap sesuatu diperoleh dari perpaduan  antara</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">unsur akal dan pengalaman.   </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><b>Alirin Empirisme</b></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvYxyMkZPLMAH8HUDrgA4y782soAzRbm29H4ViXAQLGgN_wS7ldRykGvSDrf9CAitXsi1AN8EKPsjd7KgkO7zZvfji8Iw2MvdAUYVGVJB8V3i4mUedyE9hjE-i_JZ5gpmwxoJ7sJQ_Pqw/s1600/thomas+hobbes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvYxyMkZPLMAH8HUDrgA4y782soAzRbm29H4ViXAQLGgN_wS7ldRykGvSDrf9CAitXsi1AN8EKPsjd7KgkO7zZvfji8Iw2MvdAUYVGVJB8V3i4mUedyE9hjE-i_JZ5gpmwxoJ7sJQ_Pqw/s320/thomas+hobbes.jpg" width="292" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Sumber Gambar: <a class="_ZR irc_hol i3724" data-href="http://www.newschool.edu/nssr/het/profiles/hobbes.htm" data-noload="" data-ved="0ahUKEwi4ibntgf7LAhXEmoMKHYiiBpsQjB0IBg" href="https://www.google.co.id/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi4ibntgf7LAhXEmoMKHYiiBpsQjB0IBg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newschool.edu%2Fnssr%2Fhet%2Fprofiles%2Fhobbes.htm&bvm=bv.118817766,bs.1,d.c2E&psig=AFQjCNEvnA4QFwLlN2v6COrN09Ubq11UsQ&ust=1460169606405827" jsaction="mousedown:irc.rl;keydown:irc.rlk" style="background-color: #f1f1f1; color: #7d7d7d; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; text-decoration: none;" tabindex="0" target="_blank"><span class="irc_ho" dir="ltr" style="margin-right: -2px; overflow: hidden; padding-right: 2px; text-overflow: ellipsis; unicode-bidi: isolate;">www.newschool.edu</span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Aliran empiris yang menegaskan bahwa pengalaman sebagai sumber pengetahuan.  Kaum empiris berpendirian semua pengetahuan diperoleh lewat indra. Indra memperoleh kesan-kesan dari alam nyata, untuk kemudian terkumpul dalam diri manusia, lalu menjadi pengalaman. Pengetahuan yang berupa pengalaman terdiri atas penyusunan dan pengaturan kesan-kesan yang bermacam-macam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Istilah Empiris berasal dari kata  <i>emperia </i>dalam bahasa Yunani berarti pengalaman indrawi. Empiris sangat berlawanan dengan aliran Rasionalis. <b>  </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tokoh aliran ini, Thomas Hobbes yang lahir di Inggris. Dia, mengatakan : pengalaman permulaan segala pengenalan. Kemudian, John Locke dengan teori “tabularasa” rasio manusia  harus dilihat seperti “lembaran kertas putih” dan tokoh lain George Berkeley, dan David  Hume.</span></div>
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Rasionalisme Descartes

Sumber Gambar: www.famousscientists.org Aliran rasionalisme ini berpandangan bahwa pengetahuan bersumber pada rasio at...

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Logika, Sumber Pengetahuan dan Metafisika

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<b>Logika </b></div>
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Logika
secara luas dapat didefinisikan sebagai "pengkajian untuk berpikir secara
sahih". Terdapat bermacam-macam cara penarikan kesimpulan namun untuk
sesuai dengan tujuan studi yang memusatkan diri kepada penalaran ilmiah, kita
akan melakukan penelaahan yang saksama hanya terhadap dua jenis cara penarikan
kesimpulan, yakni logika induktif dan logika deduktif.  Logika induktif erat hubungannya dengan
penarikan kesimpulan dari kasus-kasus individual nyata menjadi kesimpulan yang
bersifat umum. Sedangkan di pihak lain, kita mempunyai logika <i>deduktif</i>,
yang membantu <i>deduktif,</i> yang membantu kita dalam menarik kesimpulan dari
hal yang bersifat umum menjadi kasus yang bersifat individual (khusus).</div>
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<i>Induksi</i> merupakan cara berpikir di mana ditarik suatu
kesimpulan yang bersifat umum dari berbagai kasus yang bersifat individual.
Penalaran secara induktif dimulai dengan mengemukakan pernyataan-pernyataan<i> </i>yang
mempunyai ruang lingkup yang khas dan terbatas dalam menyusun argumentasi yang
diakhiri dengan pernyataan yang bersifat umum. </div>
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Penalaran
<i>deduktif</i> adalah kegiatan berpikir yang sebaliknya dari penalaran <i>induktif</i>.
Deduksi adalah cara berpikir di mana dari pernyataan yang bersifat umum ditarik
kesimpulan yang bersifat khusus. Penarikan kesimpulan secara deduktif biasanya
mempergunakan pola berpikir yang dinamakan silogismus.  <i>Silogismus</i> disusun dari dua buah
pernyataan dan sebuah kesimpulan. Pernyataan yang mendukung silogismus ini
disebut premis yang kemudian dapat dibedakan sebagai premis mayor dan premis
minor. Kesimpulan merupakan pengetahuan yang didapat dari penalaran deduktif
berdasarkan kedua premis tersebut. Contoh membuat silogismus sebagai berikut:<br>
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Logika, Sumber Pengetahuan dan Metafisika

Logika Logika secara luas dapat didefinisikan sebagai "pengkajian untuk berpikir secara sahih". Terdapat bermacam-macam cara pe...

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The Philosophy of Agustine Part III

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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">III Chapter</span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=886350351105348532&postID=4324618880242467788" name="summary"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">Summary</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">St. Augustine affirms that the world was created by God from
nothing, through a free act of His will. Time is a being of reason ("rens
rationis") with a foundation in things which through becoming offer to the
mind the concept of time as past, present, and future. Augustine affirms the
absolute unity and the spirituality of the human soul. In regard to the nature
of the soul he affirms that the soul is simple and immortal. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Then sensitive soul, besides having the five senses, is endowed also
with a sensitive cognition which is common to animals and which judges the
proper object of each of the senses. The intellective soul has three functions:
being, understanding, and loving, corresponding to three faculties:
intellective memory, intelligence, and will. The primary among these three
faculties is given to the will, which in man signifies love. The will of man is
free.</span><br>
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The Philosophy of Agustine Part III

III Chapter Summary St. Augustine affirms that the world was created by God from nothing, through a free act of His will. Time is a bei...

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The Philosophy of Agustine Part II

<br>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">II Chapter</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">  
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Life and Works</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Aurelius Augustinus was born at Tagaste in preconsular Numidia in
354. His father, Patricius, was a pagan; his mother, Monica, a Christian. After
his first studies in his native city, he went to Carthage, with the financial
aid of Romanianus, to complete his studies in rhetoric.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=886350351105348532#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a>
At the same time, however, he fell a slave to his youthful passions and even
became connected with the Manichaean religious sect.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">After completing his studies, he first established his school at
Tagaste, and later at Carthage, where he taught rhetoric for eight years, at
the same time studying philosophy and the natural sciences.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">In 383, desirous of honors and a more disciplined group of students,
he evaded his mother's vigilance, abandoned Carthage, and went to Rome. He did
not find there, however, the satisfaction he sought; nor did his students bring
him any remuneration. He therefore sought the directorship of rhetoric in
Milan. This he obtained, and transferred to that city in 384. There his saintly
mother joined him.</span><br>
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The Philosophy of Agustine Part II

II Chapter A. Life and Works Aurelius Augustinus was born at Tagaste in preconsular Numidia in 354. His father, Patricius, was a pa...

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The Philosophy of Agustine Part I

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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">I Chapter </span></b></div>
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<br></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">The Philosophy of </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Agustine</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Introduction</span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US">"If I doubt, I exist
-- Si fallor, sum." </span></i></div>
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<i>Agustine<span lang="EN-US"></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The present study examines the
philosophy of Agustine. This research aims to investigate on Agustine’s
education background and writings, especially about his t</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-style: normal;">heory of knowledge (epistemology), </span></i><span lang="EN-US">m<i><span style="font-style: normal;">etaphysics, cosmology, psychology,
liberty and grace, ethics, the City of God, and influence as a theologian and thinker.  </span></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">From this research we know </span><span lang="EN-US">Augustine's work in metaphysics, ethics, and politics remain important
today. Key among these accomplishments are his metaphysical analysis of time,
his ethical analysis of the evil, and his examination of the conditions for
justified war.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=886350351105348532#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a><sup>
</sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Ruickbie" title="Leo Ruickbie"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Leo Ruickbie</span></a>, Augustine's arguments against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_%28paranormal%29" title="Magic 
(paranormal)"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">magic</span></a>, differentiating it from miracle,
were crucial in the early Church's fight against paganism and became a central
thesis in the later denunciation of witches and witchcraft. According to
Professor Deepak Lal, Augustine's vision of the heavenly city has influenced
the secular projects and traditions of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of 
Enlightenment"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Enlightenment</span></a>, Marxism,
Freudianism and Eco-fundamentalism. For quotations of St. Augustine by St. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas 
Aquinas"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Thomas
Aquinas</span></a> see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquinas_and_the_Sacraments" title="Aquinas and the Sacraments"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Aquinas and the Sacraments</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_of_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thought of Thomas Aquinas"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Thought of Thomas Aquinas</span></a>. On the topic of
original sin, Aquinas proposed a more optimistic view of man than that of
Augustine in that his conception leaves to the reason, will, and passions of
fallen man their natural powers even after the Fall. While in his pre-Pelagian
writings Augustine taught that Adam's guilt as transmitted to his descendants
much enfeebles, though does not destroy, the freedom of their will, Protestant
reformers Martin Luther and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John 
Calvin"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">John Calvin</span></a> affirmed that Original Sin
completely destroyed liberty.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=886350351105348532#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a></span><br>
</div>

The Philosophy of Agustine Part I

I Chapter The Philosophy of Agustine Introduction "If I doubt, I exist -- Si fallor, sum." Agustine The present stu...

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<br>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">III Chapter</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">The Maturity of Ancient Philosophy</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Filosof Kaum
Sopis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Tokoh kaum sopis yang terkenal adalah
Protagoras (485-410. Dia beranggapan, “Manusia adalah ukuran dari segala
sesuatu,” Dengan pernyataan ini dia bermaksud<span lang="EN-US">-</span> masalah <span lang="EN-US">segala </span>sesuatu <span lang="EN-US">terkait dengan </span>benar atau salah, baik atau buruk, harus selalu
dipertimbangkan dalam kaitannya dengan kebutuhan-kebutuhan seseorang.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=886350351105348532#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a> <span lang="EN-US">Pendirian seperti ini boleh disebut relativisme, artinya kebenaran
itu tergantung dengan perspektif dan penilaian manusia<sup>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=886350351105348532#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></sup></span></span></a></sup></span><br>
</div>

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III Chapter The Maturity of Ancient Philosophy A. Filosof Kaum Sopis Tokoh kaum sopis yang terkenal adalah Protagoras (485-410. Di...

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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">II Chapter</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Pr</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">-Socrat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ic Philosophy</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pr</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-Socrat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ic Philosophy</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Para filosof Yunani paling awal
kadang-kadang disebut filosof alam sebab mereka hanya menaruh perhatian pada
alam dan proses-prosesnya.  Filosof
pertama yang kita kenal adalah Thales<span lang="EN-US"> (640-562 SM)</span>, yang berasal dari Miletus, sebuah koloni Yunani
di Asia Kecil. Thales beranggapan bahwa sumber dari segala sesuatu adalah air.
Kita tidak tahu pasti apa yang dimaksudkannya dengan itu, dia mungkin percaya
bahwa segala kehidupan berasal dari air- dan seluruh kehidupan kembali ke air
lagi ketika sudah berakhir.<br>
</div>

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II Chapter Pr e -Socrat ic Philosophy A. Pr e -Socrat ic Philosophy Para filosof Yunani paling awal kadang-kadang disebut filosof al...

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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">I Chapter </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">Periods of Ancient Greek Philosophy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Introduction</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">
<i>Satu-satunya yang kita butuhkan untuk memetik
bunga mawar di taman kebijaksanaan </i><i>adalah rasa ingin tahu yang kuat akan seluruh esensi penciptaan dan Sang
Pencipta itu sendiri.</i></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">
(diinterpretasikan dari pemikiran Jostein Gaarder)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Jostein Gaarder, di bagian awal bukunya dunia shopie mengemukakan beberapa pertanyaan mengenai tentang ketertarikan orang yunani kuno pada filsafat di antaranya; Bagaimana ikan-ikan menawan hidup
dapat muncul dari <span lang="EN-US">dalam </span>air ke permukaan? Bagaimana pohon-pohon tumbuh subur semakin hari semakin
besar seakan-akan hendak mencakar cakrawala? Bagaimana bunga-bunga mawar
berwarna cemerlang dapat muncul dari <span lang="EN-US">dalam </span>tanah yang mati? Adakah kehidupan setelah
kematian? Bagaimana kita dapat menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini? Dan yang
terpenting, bagaimana seharusnya kita hidup? Orang-orang <span lang="EN-US">Yunani kuno </span>telah
mengajukan pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini selama berabad-abad. Kita tidak mengenal
kebudayaan yang tidak mengaitkan diri dengan pertanyaan apakah manusia itu dan
dari mana datangnya dunia.<br>
</div>

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I Chapter Periods of Ancient Greek Philosophy Introduction Satu-satunya yang kita butuhkan untuk memetik bunga mawar di taman kebij...

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The Importance of Logic for Philosophy

<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US">Introduction</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">God
gave the good mind to human being, which is He doesn’t give mind to other
creature. With the mind, human being could understand of something they never
knew that before, or more understood of something they knew about their self,
substance of universe and also secret in it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Because
of their mind, human being becoming the unique and they always pushed for
thinking as long as their lives, in accordance with ability their
thinking.   All of the smart human being
thinking with their cleverness. And the stupid human being thinking with their
stupidity.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=886350351105348532#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">However,
the results of thinking the human being, although to have use of mind, it
doesn’t always right. The results of thinking the human being sometimes made a
lot of wrong, although the human being have made every effort looking for the
true. The fallacious of thinking possibly happened without intentional. If that
happen, the human being got wrong knowledge, although they convinced it true.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=886350351105348532#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></sup></span></sup></span></a></span><br>
</div>

The Importance of Logic for Philosophy

Introduction God gave the good mind to human being, which is He doesn’t give mind to other creature. With the mind, human being could und...

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